Climate change is impacting the way people live around the world

Higher highs, lower lows, storms, and smoke – we’re all feeling the effects of climate change. In this workflow, you will take a look at trends in temperature over time in Rapid City, SD.

Important

Read about some of the effects of – and solutions for – climate change on the Pine Ridge Reservation southeast of Rapid City.

Get started with open reproducible science!

Open reproducible science makes scientific methods, data and outcomes available to everyone. That means that everyone who wants should be able to find, read, understand, and run your workflows for themselves.

Image from https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/esds/open-science/oss-for-eso-workshops

Few if any science projects are 100% open and reproducible (yet!). However, members of the open science community have developed open source tools and practices that can help you move toward that goal. You will learn about many of those tools in the Intro to Earth Data Science textbook. Don’t worry about learning all the tools at once – we’ve picked a few for you to get started with.

Get Started with Open Reproducible Science (Stars) by ESIIL

Further reading

Read our textbook chapter about open reproducible science.

What does open reproducible science mean to you?

Create a new Markdown cell below this one using the + Markdown button in the upper left.

In the new cell, answer the following questions using a numbered list in Markdown:

  1. In 1-2 sentences, define open reproducible science.
  2. In 1-2 sentences, choose one of the open source tools that you have learned about (i.e. Shell, Git/GitHub, Jupyter Notebook, Python) and explain how it supports open reproducible science.

Human-readable and Machine-readable

Create a new Markdown cell below this one using the ESC + b keyboard shortcut.

In the new cell, answer the following question in a Markdown quote: In 1-2 sentences, does this Jupyter Notebook file have a machine-readable name? Explain your answer.

What the fork?! Who wrote this?

Below is a scientific Python workflow. But something’s wrong – The code won’t run! Your task is to follow the instructions below to clean and debug the Python code below so that it runs.

Tip

Don’t worry if you can’t solve every bug right away. We’ll get there! The most important thing is to identify problems with the code and write high-quality GitHub Issues.

At the end, you’ll repeat the workflow for a location and measurement of your choosing.

Alright! Let’s clean up this code. First things first…

Machine-readable file names

Rename this notebook (if necessary) with an expressive and machine-readable file name

Python packages let you use code written by experts around the world

Because Python is open source, lots of different people and organizations can contribute (including you!). Many contributions are in the form of packages which do not come with a standard Python download.

Read more

Packages need to be installed and imported.

In the cell below, someone was trying to import the pandas package, which helps us to work with tabular data such as comma-separated value or csv files.

Your task
  1. Correct the typo below to properly import the pandas package under its alias pd.
  2. Run the cell to import pandas
# Import pandas
import pandsa as pd
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'pandsa'
See our solution! 
# Import pandas
import pandas as pd

Once you have run the cell above and imported pandas, run the cell below. It is a test cell that will tell you if you completed the task successfully. If a test cell isn’t working the way you expect, check that you ran your code immediately before running the test.

# DO NOT MODIFY THIS TEST CELL
points = 0
try:
    pd.DataFrame()
    points += 5
    print('\u2705 Great work! You correctly imported the pandas library.')
except:
    print('\u274C Oops - pandas was not imported correctly.')
print('You earned {} of 5 points for importing pandas'.format(points))
✅ Great work! You correctly imported the pandas library.
You earned 5 of 5 points for importing pandas

There are more Earth Observation data online than any one person could ever look at

NASA’s Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) alone manages over 9PB of data. 1 PB is roughly 100 times the entire Library of Congress (a good approximation of all the books available in the US). It’s all available to you once you learn how to download what you want.

Here we’re using the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) Access Data Service application progamming interface (API) to request data from their web servers. We will be using data collected as part of the Global Historical Climatology Network daily (GHCNd) from their Climate Data Online library program at NOAA.

For this example we’re requesting daily summary data in Rapid City, CO (station ID USC00396947).

Your task:
  1. Research the Global Historical Climatology Network - Daily data source.
  2. In the cell below, write a 2-3 sentence description of the data source. You should describe:
    • who takes the data
    • where the data were taken
    • what the maximum temperature units are
    • how the data are collected
  3. Include a citation of the data (HINT: See the ‘Data Citation’ tab on the GHCNd overview page).

YOUR DATA DESCRIPTION AND CITATION HERE 🛎️

You can access NCEI GHCNd Data from the internet using its API 🖥️ 📡 🖥️

The cell below contains the URL for the data you will use in this part of the notebook. We created this URL by generating what is called an API endpoint using the NCEI API documentation.

Note

An application programming interface (API) is a way for two or more computer programs or components to communicate with each other. It is a type of software interface, offering a service to other pieces of software (Wikipedia).

However, we still have a problem - we can’t get the URL back later on because it isn’t saved in a variable. In other words, we need to give the url a name so that we can request in from Python later (sadly, Python has no ‘hey what was that thingy I typed yesterday?’ function).

Read more

Check out the textbook section on variables

Your task
  1. Pick an expressive variable name for the URL. HINT: click on the Variables button up top to see all your variables. Your new url variable will not be there until you define it and run the code
  2. Reformat the URL so that it adheres to the 79-character PEP-8 line limit.You should see two vertical lines in each cell - don’t let your code go past the second line
  3. At the end of the cell where you define your url variable, call your variable (type out its name) so it can be tested.
stuff23 = ('https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/da'
'ta/v1?dataset=daily-summaries&dataTypes=TOBS,PRCP&stations=USC00396947&startDate=1949-10-01&endDate=2024-02-18&includeStationName=true&includeStation'
'Location=1&units=standard')
stuff23
'https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=daily-summaries&dataTypes=TOBS,PRCP&stations=USC00396947&startDate=1949-10-01&endDate=2024-02-18&includeStationName=true&includeStationLocation=1&units=standard'
See our solution! 
rapid_url = (
    'https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1'
    '?dataset=daily-summaries'
    '&dataTypes=TOBS,PRCP'
    '&stations=USC00396947'
    '&startDate=1949-10-01'
    '&endDate=2024-02-18'
    '&includeStationName=true'
    '&includeStationLocation=1'
    '&units=standard')
rapid_url
'https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=daily-summaries&dataTypes=TOBS,PRCP&stations=USC00396947&startDate=1949-10-01&endDate=2024-02-18&includeStationName=true&includeStationLocation=1&units=standard'
# DO NOT MODIFY THIS TEST CELL
resp_url = _
points = 0

if type(resp_url)==str:
    points += 3
    print('\u2705 Great work! You correctly called your url variable.')
else:
    print('\u274C Oops - your url variable was not called correctly.')

if len(resp_url)==218:
    points += 3
    print('\u2705 Great work! Your url is the correct length.')
else:
    print('\u274C Oops - your url variable is not the correct length.')

print('You earned {} of 6 points for defining a url variable'.format(points))
✅ Great work! You correctly called your url variable.
✅ Great work! Your url is the correct length.
You earned 6 of 6 points for defining a url variable

Download and get started working with NCEI data

The pandas library you imported can download data from the internet directly into a type of Python object called a DataFrame. In the code cell below, you can see an attempt to do just this. But there are some problems…

You’re ready to fix some code!

Your task is to:

  1. Leave a space between the # and text in the comment and try making the comment more informative

  2. Make any changes needed to get this code to run. HINT: The my_url variable doesn’t exist - you need to replace it with the variable name you chose.

  3. Modify the .read_csv() statement to include the following parameters:

    • index_col='DATE' – this sets the DATE column as the index. Needed for subsetting and resampling later on
    • parse_dates=True – this lets python know that you are working with time-series data, and values in the indexed column are date time objects
    • na_values=['NaN'] – this lets python know how to handle missing values

  4. Clean up the code by using expressive variable names, expressive column names, PEP-8 compliant code, and descriptive comments

Make sure to call your DataFrame by typing it’s name as the last line of your code cell Then, you will be able to run the test cell below and find out if your answer is correct.

rapid_df = pd.read_csv(
  rapid_url,
  index_col='something')
rapid_df
ValueError: Index something invalid
See our solution! 
# Download the Rapid City climate data
rapid_df = pd.read_csv(
  rapid_url,
  index_col='DATE',
  parse_dates=True,
  na_values=['NaN'])
rapid_df
STATION NAME LATITUDE LONGITUDE ELEVATION PRCP TOBS
DATE
1949-10-01 USC00396947 RAPID CITY 4 NW, SD US 44.12055 -103.28417 1060.4 0.00 51.0
1949-10-02 USC00396947 RAPID CITY 4 NW, SD US 44.12055 -103.28417 1060.4 0.00 51.0
1949-10-03 USC00396947 RAPID CITY 4 NW, SD US 44.12055 -103.28417 1060.4 0.00 52.0
1949-10-04 USC00396947 RAPID CITY 4 NW, SD US 44.12055 -103.28417 1060.4 0.00 45.0
1949-10-05 USC00396947 RAPID CITY 4 NW, SD US 44.12055 -103.28417 1060.4 0.00 50.0
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
2024-02-14 USC00396947 RAPID CITY 4 NW, SD US 44.12055 -103.28417 1060.4 0.15 24.0
2024-02-15 USC00396947 RAPID CITY 4 NW, SD US 44.12055 -103.28417 1060.4 0.03 21.0
2024-02-16 USC00396947 RAPID CITY 4 NW, SD US 44.12055 -103.28417 1060.4 0.20 8.0
2024-02-17 USC00396947 RAPID CITY 4 NW, SD US 44.12055 -103.28417 1060.4 0.00 NaN
2024-02-18 USC00396947 RAPID CITY 4 NW, SD US 44.12055 -103.28417 1060.4 0.00 NaN

26042 rows × 7 columns

# DO NOT MODIFY THIS TEST CELL
tmax_df_resp = _
points = 0

if isinstance(tmax_df_resp, pd.DataFrame):
    points += 1
    print('\u2705 Great work! You called a DataFrame.')
else:
    print('\u274C Oops - make sure to call your DataFrame for testing.')

print('You earned {} of 2 points for downloading data'.format(points))
✅ Great work! You called a DataFrame.
You earned 1 of 2 points for downloading data

HINT: Check out the type() function below - you can use it to check that your data is now in DataFrame type object

# Check that the data was imported into a pandas DataFrame
type(rapid_df)
pandas.core.frame.DataFrame
Clean up your DataFrame

Use double brackets to only select the columns you want in your DataFrame

Make sure to call your DataFrame by typing it’s name as the last line of your code cell Then, you will be able to run the test cell below and find out if your answer is correct.

rapid_df = rapid_df[['some_col', 'another_col']]
rapid_df
KeyError: "None of [Index(['some_col', 'another_col'], dtype='object')] are in the [columns]"
See our solution! 
# Clean up the DataFrame
rapid_df = rapid_df[['PRCP', 'TOBS']]
rapid_df
PRCP TOBS
DATE
1949-10-01 0.00 51.0
1949-10-02 0.00 51.0
1949-10-03 0.00 52.0
1949-10-04 0.00 45.0
1949-10-05 0.00 50.0
... ... ...
2024-02-14 0.15 24.0
2024-02-15 0.03 21.0
2024-02-16 0.20 8.0
2024-02-17 0.00 NaN
2024-02-18 0.00 NaN

26042 rows × 2 columns

# DO NOT MODIFY THIS TEST CELL
tmax_df_resp = _
points = 0

summary = [round(val, 2) for val in tmax_df_resp.mean().values]
if summary == [0.05, 54.53]:
    points += 4
    print('\u2705 Great work! You correctly downloaded data.')
else:
    print('\u274C Oops - your data are not correct.')
print('You earned {} of 5 points for downloading data'.format(points))
❌ Oops - your data are not correct.
You earned 0 of 5 points for downloading data

Plot the precpitation column (PRCP) vs time to explore the data

Plotting in Python is easy, but not quite this easy:

rapid_df.plot()

Label and describe your plots

Source: https://xkcd.com/833

Make sure each plot has:

  • A title that explains where and when the data are from
  • x- and y- axis labels with units where appropriate
  • A legend where appropriate

You’ll always need to add some instructions on labels and how you want your plot to look.

Your task:
  1. Change dataframe to your DataFrame name.
  2. Change y= to the name of your observed temperature column name.
  3. Use the title, ylabel, and xlabel parameters to add key text to your plot.
  4. Adjust the size of your figure using figsize=(x,y) where x is figure width and y is figure height

HINT: labels have to be a type in Python called a string. You can make a string by putting quotes around your label, just like the column names in the sample code (eg y='TOBS').

# Plot the data using .plot
rapid_df.plot(
    y='the_precipitation_column',
    title='Title Goes Here',
    xlabel='Horizontal Axis Label Goes Here',
    ylabel='Vertical Axis Label Goes Here')
KeyError: 'the_precipitation_column'
See our solution! 
# Plot the data using .plot
rapid_df.plot(
    y='PRCP',
    title='Daily Precipitation in Rapid City, SD',
    xlabel='Date',
    ylabel='Precipitation (mm)')

Want an EXTRA CHALLENGE?

There are many other things you can do to customize your plot. Take a look at the pandas plotting galleries and the documentation of plot to see if there’s other changes you want to make to your plot. Some possibilities include:

  • Remove the legend since there’s only one data series
  • Increase the figure size
  • Increase the font size
  • Change the colors
  • Use a bar graph instead (usually we use lines for time series, but since this is annual it could go either way)
  • Add a trend line

Not sure how to do any of these? Try searching the internet, or asking an AI!

Convert units

Modify the code below to add a column that includes temperature in Celsius. The code below was written by your colleague. Can you fix this so that it correctly calculates temperature in Celsius and adds a new column?

# Convert to celcius
dataframe.loc[:, 'TCel'] = dataframe['temperature_col_name'] - 32 * 5 / 9
dataframe
NameError: name 'dataframe' is not defined
See our solution! 
# Convert to celcius
rapid_df.loc[:, 'TCel'] = (rapid_df['TOBS'] - 32) * 5 / 9
rapid_df
/tmp/ipykernel_4275/956040032.py:2: SettingWithCopyWarning: 
A value is trying to be set on a copy of a slice from a DataFrame.
Try using .loc[row_indexer,col_indexer] = value instead

See the caveats in the documentation: https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/user_guide/indexing.html#returning-a-view-versus-a-copy
  rapid_df.loc[:, 'TCel'] = (rapid_df['TOBS'] - 32) * 5 / 9
PRCP TOBS TCel
DATE
1949-10-01 0.00 51.0 10.555556
1949-10-02 0.00 51.0 10.555556
1949-10-03 0.00 52.0 11.111111
1949-10-04 0.00 45.0 7.222222
1949-10-05 0.00 50.0 10.000000
... ... ... ...
2024-02-14 0.15 24.0 -4.444444
2024-02-15 0.03 21.0 -6.111111
2024-02-16 0.20 8.0 -13.333333
2024-02-17 0.00 NaN NaN
2024-02-18 0.00 NaN NaN

26042 rows × 3 columns

# DO NOT MODIFY THIS TEST CELL
tmax_df_resp = _
points = 0

if isinstance(tmax_df_resp, pd.DataFrame):
    points += 1
    print('\u2705 Great work! You called a DataFrame.')
else:
    print('\u274C Oops - make sure to call your DataFrame for testing.')

summary = [round(val, 2) for val in tmax_df_resp.mean().values]
if summary == [0.05, 54.53, 12.52]:
    points += 4
    print('\u2705 Great work! You correctly converted to Celcius.')
else:
    print('\u274C Oops - your data are not correct.')
print('You earned {} of 5 points for converting to Celcius'.format(points))
✅ Great work! You called a DataFrame.
❌ Oops - your data are not correct.
You earned 1 of 5 points for converting to Celcius
Want an EXTRA CHALLENGE?
  1. As you did above, rewrite the code to be more expressive
  2. Using the code below as a framework, write and apply a function that converts to Celcius. > Functions let you reuse code you have already written
  3. You should also rewrite this function and parameter names to be more expressive.
def a_function(a_parameter):
    """Convert temperature to Celcius"""
    return a_parameter # Put your equation in here

dataframe['celcius_column'] = dataframe['fahrenheit_column'].apply(convert)
NameError: name 'dataframe' is not defined
See our solution! 
def convert_to_celcius(fahrenheit):
    """Convert temperature to Celcius"""
    return (fahrenheit - 32) * 5 / 9

rapid_df['TCel'] = rapid_df['TOBS'].apply(convert_to_celcius)
/tmp/ipykernel_4275/2120535367.py:5: SettingWithCopyWarning: 
A value is trying to be set on a copy of a slice from a DataFrame.
Try using .loc[row_indexer,col_indexer] = value instead

See the caveats in the documentation: https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/user_guide/indexing.html#returning-a-view-versus-a-copy
  rapid_df['TCel'] = rapid_df['TOBS'].apply(convert_to_celcius)

Subsetting and Resampling

Often when working with time-series data you may want to focus on a shorter window of time, or look at weekly, monthly, or annual summaries to help make the analysis more manageable.

Read more

Read more about subsetting and resampling time-series data in our Learning Portal.

For this demonstration, we will look at the last 40 years worth of data and resample to explore a summary from each year that data were recorded.

Your task
  1. Replace start-year and end-year with 1983 and 2023
  2. Replace dataframe with the name of your data
  3. Replace new_dataframe with something more expressive
  4. Call your new variable
  5. Run the cell
# Subset the data
new_dataframe = dataframe.loc['start-year':'end-year']
new_dataframe
NameError: name 'dataframe' is not defined
See our solution! 
# Subset the data
rapid_1983_2023_df = rapid_df.loc['1983':'2023']
rapid_1983_2023_df
PRCP TOBS TCel
DATE
1983-01-01 0.00 30.0 -1.111111
1983-01-02 0.00 29.0 -1.666667
1983-01-03 0.00 40.0 4.444444
1983-01-04 0.00 33.0 0.555556
1983-01-05 0.00 43.0 6.111111
... ... ... ...
2023-12-27 0.31 32.0 0.000000
2023-12-28 0.00 17.0 -8.333333
2023-12-29 0.00 28.0 -2.222222
2023-12-30 0.00 NaN NaN
2023-12-31 0.00 NaN NaN

13939 rows × 3 columns

# DO NOT MODIFY THIS TEST CELL
df_resp = _
points = 0

if isinstance(df_resp, pd.DataFrame):
    points += 1
    print('\u2705 Great work! You called a DataFrame.')
else:
    print('\u274C Oops - make sure to call your DataFrame for testing.')

summary = [round(val, 2) for val in df_resp.mean().values]
if summary == [0.06, 55.67, 13.15]:
    points += 5
    print('\u2705 Great work! You correctly converted to Celcius.')
else:
    print('\u274C Oops - your data are not correct.')
print('You earned {} of 5 points for subsetting'.format(points))
✅ Great work! You called a DataFrame.
❌ Oops - your data are not correct.
You earned 1 of 5 points for subsetting

Now we are ready to calculate annual statistics

Here you will resample the 1983-2023 data to look the annual mean values.

Resample your data
  1. Replace new_dataframe with the variable you created in the cell above where you subset the data
  2. Replace 'TIME' with a 'W', 'M', or 'Y' depending on whether you’re doing a weekly, monthly, or yearly summary
  3. Replace STAT with a sum, min, max, or mean depending on what kind of statistic you’re interested in calculating.
  4. Replace resampled_data with a more expressive variable name
  5. Call your new variable
  6. Run the cell
# Resample the data to look at yearly mean values
resampled_data = new_dataframe.resample('TIME').STAT()
resampled_data
NameError: name 'new_dataframe' is not defined
See our solution! 
# Resample the data to look at yearly mean values
rapid_ann_mean_df = rapid_1983_2023_df.resample('YS').mean()
rapid_ann_mean_df
PRCP TOBS TCel
DATE
1983-01-01 0.038849 59.302632 15.168129
1984-01-01 0.026145 54.458182 12.476768
1985-01-01 0.039091 50.691667 10.384259
1986-01-01 0.069551 53.672673 12.040374
1987-01-01 0.039011 56.988950 13.882750
1988-01-01 0.028017 56.983240 13.879578
1989-01-01 0.056359 38.072829 3.373794
1990-01-01 0.039068 40.363112 4.646174
1991-01-01 0.056875 39.945869 4.414372
1992-01-01 0.036714 39.525862 4.181034
1993-01-01 0.055881 35.522581 1.956989
1994-01-01 0.034540 39.479769 4.155427
1995-01-01 0.063609 39.150568 3.972538
1996-01-01 0.058785 36.547486 2.526381
1997-01-01 0.057634 38.825073 3.791707
1998-01-01 0.068343 40.563739 4.757633
1999-01-01 0.073104 41.688202 5.382335
2000-01-01 0.050771 39.750751 4.305973
2001-01-01 0.049639 43.371134 6.317297
2002-01-01 0.036126 33.482143 0.823413
2003-01-01 0.039186 40.455253 4.697363
2004-01-01 0.030242 38.877828 3.821016
2005-01-01 0.044620 40.627119 4.792844
2006-01-01 0.042870 40.873278 4.929599
2007-01-01 0.038515 34.806931 1.559406
2008-01-01 0.025892 34.204969 1.224983
2009-01-01 0.053828 35.871324 2.150735
2010-01-01 0.056767 39.012384 3.895769
2011-01-01 0.060282 40.313846 4.618803
2012-01-01 0.019341 42.008746 5.560415
2013-01-01 0.060685 38.392638 3.551466
2014-01-01 0.057726 39.211310 4.006283
2015-01-01 0.057260 41.351275 5.195153
2016-01-01 0.039508 42.161644 5.645358
2017-01-01 0.034082 41.013889 5.007716
2018-01-01 0.057335 36.670732 2.594851
2019-01-01 0.085056 36.159544 2.310858
2020-01-01 0.044006 41.023438 5.013021
2021-01-01 0.032225 40.363248 4.646249
2022-01-01 0.028421 39.331395 4.072997
2023-01-01 0.046313 40.144578 4.524766 
# DO NOT MODIFY THIS TEST CELL
df_resp = _
points = 0

if isinstance(df_resp, pd.DataFrame):
    points += 1
    print('\u2705 Great work! You called a DataFrame.')
else:
    print('\u274C Oops - make sure to call your DataFrame for testing.')

summary = [round(val, 2) for val in df_resp.mean().values]
if summary == [0.06, 55.37, 12.99]:
    points += 5
    print('\u2705 Great work! You correctly converted to Celcius.')
else:
    print('\u274C Oops - your data are not correct.')
print('You earned {} of 5 points for resampling'.format(points))
✅ Great work! You called a DataFrame.
❌ Oops - your data are not correct.
You earned 1 of 5 points for resampling
Plot your resampled data 
# Plot mean annual temperature values
See our solution! 
# Plot the data using .plot
rapid_ann_mean_df.plot(
    y='TOBS',
    title='Daily Precipitation in Rapid City, SD',
    xlabel='Date',
    ylabel='Precipitation (mm)')

Describe your plot

We like to use an approach called “Assertion-Evidence” for presenting scientific results. There’s a lot of video tutorials and example talks available on the Assertion-Evidence web page. The main thing you need to do now is to practice writing a message or headline rather than descriptions or topic sentences for the plot you just made (what they refer to as “visual evidence”).

For example, it would be tempting to write something like “A plot of maximum annual temperature in Rapid City, Colorado over time (1983-2023)”. However, this doesn’t give the reader anything to look at, or explain why we made this particular plot (we know, you made this one because we told you to)

Some alternatives for different plots of Rapid City temperature that are more of a starting point for a presentation or conversation are:

  • Rapid City, SD experienced cooler than average temperatures in 1995
  • Temperatures in Rapid City, SD appear to be on the rise over the past 40 years
  • Maximum annual temperatures in Rapid City, CO are becoming more variable over the previous 40 years

We could back up some of these claims with further analysis included later on, but we want to make sure that our audience has some guidance on what to look for in the plot.

YOUR Rapid City PLOT HEADLINE HERE 📰 🗞️ 📻

Describe your plot in this cell in 2-3 sentences

Writing bear

Image credit: https://www.craiyon.com/image/OAbZtyelSoS7FdGko6hvQg

THIS ISN’T THE END! 😄

Don’t forget to reproduce your analysis in a new location or time!

Image source: https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/by-the-left-quick-march-the-emperor-penguins-migration-1212420.html

Your turn: pick a new location and/or measurement to plot 🌏 📈

Below (or in a new notebook!), recreate the workflow you just did in a place that interests you OR with a different measurement. See the instructions above to adapt the URL that we created for Rapid City, CO using the NCEI API. You will need to make your own new Markdown and Code cells below this one, or create a new notebook.

Congratulations, you’re almost done with this coding challenge 🤩 – now make sure that your code is reproducible

Image source: https://dfwurbanwildlife.com/2018/03/25/chris-jacksons-dfw-urban-wildlife/snow-geese-galore/

Your task
  1. If you didn’t already, go back to the code you modified about and write more descriptive comments so the next person to use this code knows what it does.

BONUS: Create a shareable Markdown of your work

Below is some code that you can run that will save a Markdown file of your work that is easily shareable and can be uploaded to GitHub Pages. You can use it as a starting point for writing your portfolio post!

%%capture
%%bash
jupyter nbconvert *.ipynb --to markdown
CalledProcessError: Command 'b'jupyter nbconvert *.ipynb --to markdown\n'' returned non-zero exit status 127.